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The Analysis of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Spectroscopy
Par John B. Hearnshaw. 1986
First published in 1987, this is the story of the analysis of starlight by astronomical spectroscopy. Beginning with Joseph Fraunhofer's…
discovery of spectral lines in the early nineteenth century, this new edition continues the story through to the year 2000. In addition to the key discoveries, it presents the cultural and social history of stellar astrophysics by introducing the leading astronomers and their struggles, triumphs and disagreements. Basic concepts in spectroscopy and spectral analysis are included, so both observational and theoretical aspects are described, in a non-mathematical framework. This new edition covers the final decades of the twentieth century, with its major advances in stellar astrophysics: the discovery of extrasolar planets, new classes of stars and the observation of the ultraviolet spectra of stars from satellites. The in-depth coverage makes it essential reading for graduate students working in stellar spectroscopy, professional and amateur astronomers, and historians of science.Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation
Par National Research Council, Space Studies Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Academies, Committee for Evaluation of Space Radiation Cancer Risk Model. 2012
NASA's current missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and potential future exploration missions involving extended stays by astronauts on…
the lunar surface, as well as the possibility of near- Earth object (NEO) or Mars missions, present challenges in protecting astronauts from radiation risks. These risks arise from a number of sources, including solar particle events (SPEs), galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), secondary radiation from surface impacts, and even the nuclear isotope power sources transported with the astronauts. The serious early and late radiation health effects potentially posed by these exposures are equally varied, ranging from early signs of radiation sickness to cancer induction. Other possible effects include central nervous system damage, cataracts, cardiovascular damage, heritable effects, impaired wound healing, and infertility. Recent research, much of which has been sponsored by NASA, has focused on understanding and quantifying the radiation health risks posed by space radiation environments. Although many aspects of the space radiation environments are now relatively well characterized, important uncertainties still exist regarding biological effects and thus regarding the level and types of risks faced by astronauts. This report presents an evaluation of NASA's proposed space radiation cancer risk assessment model, which is described in the 2011 NASA report, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties--2010. The evaluation in Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation considers the model components, input data (for the radiation types, estimated doses, and epidemiology), and the associated uncertainties. This report also identifies gaps in NASA's current research strategy for reducing the uncertainties in cancer induction risks.Supersymmetric Field Theories
Par Sergio Cecotti. 2015
Adopting an elegant geometrical approach, this advanced pedagogical text describes deep and intuitive methods for understanding the subtle logic of…
supersymmetry while avoiding lengthy computations. The book describes how complex results and formulae obtained using other approaches can be significantly simplified when translated to a geometric setting. Introductory chapters describe geometric structures in field theory in the general case, while detailed later chapters address specific structures such as parallel tensor fields, G-structures, and isometry groups. The relationship between structures in supergravity and periodic maps of algebraic manifolds, Kodaira-Spencer theory, modularity, and the arithmetic properties of supergravity are also addressed. Relevant geometric concepts are introduced and described in detail, providing a self-contained toolkit of useful techniques, formulae and constructions. Covering all the material necessary for the application of supersymmetric field theories to fundamental physical questions, this is an outstanding resource for graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics.Decadal Science Strategy Surveys: Report Of A Workshop
Par National Research Council of the National Academies. 2007
The National Academies Press (NAP)--publisher for the National Academies--publishes more than 200 books a year offering the most authoritative views,…
definitive information, and groundbreaking recommendations on a wide range of topics in science, engineering, and health. Our books are unique in that they are authored by the nation's leading experts in every scientific field.The Astrophysical Context of Life
Par National Research Council of the National Academies. 2005
In 1997, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed the National Astrobiology Institute to coordinate and fund research into…
the origins, distribution, and fate of life in the universe. A 2002 NRC study of that program, Life in the Universe: An Assessment of U.S. and International Programs in Astrobiology, raised a number of concerns about the Astrobiology program. In particular, it concluded that areas of astrophysics related to the astronomical environment in which life arose on earth were not well represented in the program. In response to that finding, the Space Studies Board requested the original study committee, the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life, to examine ways to augment and integrate astronomy and astrophysics into the Astrobiology program. This report presents the results of that study. It provides a review of the earlier report and related efforts, a detailed examination of the elements of the astrobiology program that would benefit from greater integration and augmentation of astronomy and astrophysics, and an assessment of ways to facilitate the integration of astronomy with other astrobiology disciplines.Controlling Cost Growth of NASA Earth and Space Science Missions
Par National Research Council of the National Academies. 2010
Cost and schedule growth is a problem experienced by many types of projects in many fields of endeavor. Based on…
prior studies of cost growth in NASA and Department of Defense projects,this book identifies specific causes of cost growth associated with NASA Earth and space science missions and provides guidance on how NASA can overcome these specific problems. The recommendations in this book focus on changes in NASA policies that would directly reduce or eliminate the cost growth of Earth and space science missions. Large cost growth is a concern for Earth and space science missions,and it can be a concern for other missions as well. If the cost growth is large enough,it can create liquidity problems for NASA's Science Mission Directorate that in turn cause cost profile changes and development delays that amplify the overall cost growth for other concurrent and/or pending missions. Addressing cost growth through the allocation of artificially high reserves is an inefficient use of resources because it unnecessarily diminishes the portfolio of planned flights. The most efficient use of resources is to establish realistic budgets and reserves and effective management processes that maximize the likelihood that mission costs will not exceed reserves. NASA is already taking action to reduce cost growth; additional steps,as recommended herein,will help improve NASA's mission planning process and achieve the goal of ensuring frequent mission opportunities for NASA Earth and space science.Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for MARS: SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS
Par National Research Council of the National Academies. 2009
NASA maintains a planetary protection policy to avoid the forward biological contamination of other worlds by terrestrial organisms, and back…
biological contamination of Earth from the return of extraterrestrial materials by spaceflight missions. Forward-contamination issues related to Mars missions were addressed in a 2006 National Research Council (NRC) book, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars. However, it has been more than 10 years since back-contamination issues were last examined. Driven by a renewed interest in Mars sample return missions, this book reviews, updates, and replaces the planetary protection conclusions and recommendations contained in the NRC's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations. The specific issues addressed in this book include the following: The potential for living entities to be included in samples returned from Mars; Scientific investigations that should be conducted to reduce uncertainty in the above assessment; The potential for large-scale effects on Earth's environment by any returned entity released to the environment; Criteria for intentional sample release, taking note of current and anticipated regulatory frameworks; and The status of technological measures that could be taken on a mission to prevent the inadvertent release of a returned sample into Earth's biosphere.Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals
Par Bhag Singh Guru, Hüseyin R. Hiziroğlu. 2004
Guru and Hiziroglu have produced an accessible and user-friendly text on electromagnetics that will appeal to both students and professors…
teaching this course. This lively book includes many worked examples and problems in every chapter, as well as chapter summaries and background revision material where appropriate. The book introduces undergraduate students to the basic concepts of electrostatic and magnetostatic fields, before moving on to cover Maxwell's equations, propagation, transmission and radiation. Chapters on the Finite Element and Finite Difference method, and a detailed appendix on the Smith chart are additional enhancements. MathCad code for many examples in the book and a comprehensive solutions set are available at www. cambridge. org/0521830168.Quantitative Seismic Interpretation
Par Per Avseth, Tapan Mukerji, Gary Mavko. 2005
Demonstrating how rock physics can be applied to predict reservoir parameters, such as lithologies and pore fluids, from seismically derived…
attributes, this volume provides an integrated methodology and practical tools for quantitative interpretation, uncertainty assessment, and characterization of subsurface reservoirs. Including problem sets and a case-study for which seismic and well-log data and Matlab codes are provided on the Internet (http://publishing. cambridge. org/resources/0521816017), the book is intended for students of petroleum geoscience as well as professionals in the field.The Principia: The Authoritative Translation
Par Sir Isaac Newton. 1999
In his monumental 1687 work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known familiarly as the Principia, Isaac Newton laid out in mathematical…
terms the principles of time, force, and motion that have guided the development of modern physical science. Even after more than three centuries and the revolutions of Einsteinian relativity and quantum mechanics, Newtonian physics continues to account for many of the phenomena of the observed world, and Newtonian celestial dynamics is used to determine the orbits of our space vehicles. This authoritative, modern translation by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman, the first in more than 285 years, is based on the 1726 edition, the final revised version approved by Newton; it includes extracts from the earlier editions, corrects errors found in earlier versions, and replaces archaic English with contemporary prose and up-to-date mathematical forms. Newton's principles describe acceleration, deceleration, and inertial movement; fluid dynamics; and the motions of the earth, moon, planets, and comets. A great work in itself, the Principia also revolutionized the methods of scientific investigation. It set forth the fundamental three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity, the physical principles that account for the Copernican system of the world as emended by Kepler, thus effectively ending controversy concerning the Copernican planetary system. The translation-only edition of this preeminent work is truly accessible for today's scientists, scholars, and students.Life in the Universe: A Beginner's Guide (Beginner's Guides)
Par Lewis Dartnell. 2007
Astrobiology, the study of life and its existence in the universe, is now one of the hottest areas of both…
popular science and serious academic research, fusing biology, chemistry, astrophysics, and geology. In this masterful introduction, Lewis Dartnell explores its latest findings, and explores some of the most fascinating questions in science. What actually is 'life'? Could it exist on other planets? Could alien cells be based on silicon rather than carbon, or need ammonia instead of water? Introducing some of the most extreme lifeforms on Earth - those thriving in boiling acid or huddled around deep-sea volcanoes - Dartnell takes us on a tour of the universe to reveal how deeply linked we are to our cosmic environment, and shows why the Earth is so uniquely suited for the development of life.In the Light of Science
Par Demetris Nicolaides. 2014
The birth of science in ancient Greece had a historical impact that is still being felt today. Physicist Demetris Nicolaides…
examines the epochal shift in thinking that led pre-Socratic philosophers of the sixth and fifth centuries BCE to abandon the prevailing mythologies of the age and, for the first time, to analyze the natural world in terms of impersonal, rationally understood principles. He argues not only that their conceptual breakthroughs anticipated much of later science but that scientists of the twenty-first century are still grappling with the fundamental problems raised twenty-five hundred years ago.Looking at the vast sweep of human history, the author delves into the factors that led to the birth of science: urbanization, the role of religion, and in Greece a progressive intellectual curiosity that was unafraid to question tradition. Why did the first scientific approach to understanding the world take place in Greece? The author makes a convincing case that, aside from factors of geography and politics, the power of the Greek language and a cultural proclivity for critical thinking played a large role. In the Light of Science is a unique approach to the history of science revealing the important links between the ancient past and the present scientific endeavor to understand the universe.The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics
Par James Kakalios. 2010
In the pulp magazines and comics of the 1950s, it was predicted that the future would be one of gleaming…
utopias, with flying cars, jetpacks, and robotic personal assistants. Obviously, things didn't turn out that way. But the world we do have is actually more fantastic than the most outlandish predictions of the science fiction of the mid-20th century. The World Wide Web, pocket-sized computers, mobile phones and MRI machines have changed the world in unimagined ways. In The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics, James Kakalios uses examples from comics and magazines to explain how breakthroughs in quantum mechanics led to such technologies. The book begins with an overview of speculative science fiction, beginning with Jules Verne and progressing through the space adventure comic books of the 1950s. Using the example of Dr. Manhattan from the graphic novel and film Watchmen, Kakalios explains the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, and describes nuclear energy via the hilarious portrayals of radioactivity and its effects in the movies and comic books of the 1950s. Finally, he shows how future breakthroughs will make possible ever more advanced medical diagnostic devices - and perhaps even power stations on the moon that can beam their power to earth.Alpha & Omega
Par Charles Seife. 2003
The science of cosmology is on the brink of a evolution. Astronomers and physicists are beginning to answer the ultimate…
questions that have plagued humanity since prehistory: how was the universe born and how will it end?In just a few years' time, the scientists will ahieve their goal. Already they have glimpsed if the universe; now they are peering into its grave and staring at the face of God. When results from experiments currently being conducted all over the world finally come together, the findings will constitute one of the greatest moments in science - as great as the deciphering of the human genome. ALPHA AND OMEGA tells the story of this 'cosmological revolution and of the scientists who are bringing it about. From mythological origins of the universe to a look at the theories of Aristotle, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, Seife takes us on a gallop across time - and introduces us to the newest figures on the trail: galaxy-hunters and microwave- eavesdroppers, gravity theorists and atom- smashers. He discusses dark matter, dark energy and the particle zoo, and reveals bitter rivalries between brilliant minds pushed to the fringes of science. As we come nearer to an understanding of how the universe began, so we can see where it will all end. Alpha and Omega makes cutting-edge science crystal clear, and provides fascinating, lucid explanations of some of the most stunning scientific ideas of our time.Study of the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Sector for the LHC
Par Rafael L pez. 2017
In this dissertation we revisit the prospects of a strongly interacting theory for the Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Sector of…
the Standard Model after the discovery of a Higgs-like boson at 125GeV As the LHC constrains new phenomena near the Higgs mass it is natural to assume that the new scale is of order 1TeV This mass gap might indicate strongly interacting new physics This work is of quite general validity and model independence With only a few parameters at the Lagrangian level multiple channels possibly with new physics resonances are describable and many BSM theories can be treated It will be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers and is accessible to newcomers in the field Many calculations are given in full detail and there are ample graphical illustrationsThe History of Research on Chemical Periodic Processes (SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology)
Par Alexander Pechenkin. 2018
This book offers a survey of the historic development of selected areas of chemistry and chemical physics discussing in…
detail the European American and Russian approaches to the development of chemistry Other key topics include the kinetics and non-linear thermodynamics of chemical reactions and mathematical modeling which have found new applications in the theory of dynamical systems The first observations of the periodicity of chemical reactions were lost in the mist of time In the second half of the 19th century the phenomenon of chemical periodicity was studied in relation to electrochemistry solutions and colloids Discovered in the late 19th century Liesegang rings are still enigmatic and remain attractive for researchers However the discovery of the Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction marked the successful culmination of the efforts to find a true chemical oscillatory reaction The book investigates chemical phenomena that were neglected in the past but have been rediscovered placing them into a new conceptual framework For example it notes that William Bray who discovered the first oscillatory homogeneous reaction in 1921 was influenced by the first bio-mathematicians who predicted chemical oscillations in homogeneous systemsScaling
Par Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt. 2003
Many phenomena in nature, engineering or society when seen at an intermediate distance, in space or time, exhibit the remarkable…
property of self-similarity: they reproduce themselves as scales change, subject to so-called scaling laws. It's crucial to know the details of these laws, so that mathematical models can be properly formulated and analysed, and the phenomena in question can be more deeply understood. In this 2003 book, the author describes and teaches the art of discovering scaling laws, starting from dimensional analysis and physical similarity, which are here given a modern treatment. He demonstrates the concepts of intermediate asymptotics and the renormalisation group as natural attributes of self-similarity and shows how and when these notions and tools can be used to tackle the task at hand, and when they cannot. Based on courses taught to undergraduate and graduate students, the book can also be used for self-study by biologists, chemists, astronomers, engineers and geoscientists.Ultrathin Carbon-Based Overcoats for Extremely High Density Magnetic Recording
Par Reuben Yeo. 2017
This book presents the latest research in ultrathin carbon-based protective overcoats for high areal density magnetic data storage systems …
with a particular focus on hard disk drives HDDs and tape drives These findings shed new light on how the microstructure and interfacial chemistry of these sub-20 nm overcoats can be engineered at the nanoscale regime to obtain enhanced properties for wear thermal and corrosion protection which are critical for such applications Readers will also be provided with fresh experimental insights into the suitability of graphene as an atomically-thin overcoat for HDD media The easy readability of this book will appeal to a wide audience ranging from non-specialists with a general interest in the field to scientists and industry professionals directly involved in thin film and coatings researchSolving Crimes with Physics (Solving Crimes With Science: Forensics #12)
Par William Hunter. 2014
Most people cringe when they hear the word physics. Physics is a very technical science that most people rely on…
every day, but do not really care to understand. Things work, and that is enough for most of us. Solving Crimes with Physics delves into the use of this challenging science to give readers a basic understanding of how the principles of physics can be used to solve crimes. From ballistics to bomb blasts, the knowledge of the theories of physics are powerful tools in the hands of a skilled forensic scientist.The Riddle of the Rhine
By Victor Lefebure.