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Oxygen
Par Donald E. Canfield. 2014
The air we breathe is twenty-one percent oxygen, an amount higher than on any other known world. While we may…
take our air for granted, Earth was not always an oxygenated planet. How did it become this way? Oxygen is the most current account of the history of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Donald Canfield--one of the world's leading authorities on geochemistry, earth history, and the early oceans--covers this vast history, emphasizing its relationship to the evolution of life and the evolving chemistry of the Earth. With an accessible and colorful first-person narrative, he draws from a variety of fields, including geology, paleontology, geochemistry, biochemistry, animal physiology, and microbiology, to explain why our oxygenated Earth became the ideal place for life. Describing which processes, both biological and geological, act to control oxygen levels in the atmosphere, Canfield traces the records of oxygen concentrations through time. Readers learn about the great oxidation event, the tipping point 2.3 billion years ago when the oxygen content of the Earth increased dramatically, and Canfield examines how oxygenation created a favorable environment for the evolution of large animals. He guides readers through the various lines of scientific evidence, considers some of the wrong turns and dead ends along the way, and highlights the scientists and researchers who have made key discoveries in the field. Showing how Earth's atmosphere developed over time, Oxygen takes readers on a remarkable journey through the history of the oxygenation of our planet.Phosphorescent Oxygen-Sensitive Probes
Par James Hynes, Dmitri Papkovsky, Ruslan I. Dmitriev, Andreas Fercher, Alexander V. Zhdanov. 2012
Biological O2 sensing probes and measurement techniques were first introduced in the late 80s. In the last 3-5 years they…
have undergone major development that have made them available and affordable for a broad range of applications in various disciplines of the life and biomedical sciences. These new chemistries and technologies, which are significantly different from the majority of other fluorescence-based probes and detection techniques, have already demonstrated their high utility. This book will provide a systematic overview of the existing and emerging O2 sensing technologies in their different modifications, a practical guide to their rational selection and use, and examples of biological applications/case studies, including details on how to set up and conduct such experiments, troubleshoot and interpret the data.Oxygen Diving (Diving Sciences)
Par Ryszard Klos. 2023
The book provides a derivation of the models used for calculating the risk and hazard of central oxygen toxicity pertaining…
to diving-based studies consistent with the research conducted earlier by the Royal Navy and the US Navy. This book forms the basis for extending the possibility of undertaking nitrox dives in combination with oxygen dives, thus significantly increasing tactical capabilities of conducting diving special operations. Features: provides derivation of the models used for calculating the risk and hazard of central oxygen toxicity improves oxygen diving procedures described in the US Navy Diving Manual includes procedures applicable to undertaking nitrox dives in combination with oxygen dives pitches the material at highest technology readiness levels, i.e. 9 TRL aims to increase tactical capabilities of conducting diving special operations This book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in life support system design, diving submarine safety, ventilation, health, sanitary engineering, mining engineering and working environment in chambers or closed compartments.Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI
Par Duane F. Bruley, David K. Harrison, Harold M. Swartz. 2014
This book contains the refereed contributions from the 41st annual meeting of ISOTT. The annual meetings of ISOTT bring together…
scientists from various fields (medicine, physiology, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, etc. ) in a unique international forum. Traditionally, ISOTT conferences are a place, where an atmosphere of interaction is created, where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level. This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue. The papers in this volume summarize some of the outstanding contributions from the 41st annual meeting. Special features in this volume include invited presentations from senior members of ISOTT for the theme "the wisdom of ISOTT" in which founders, past presidents and prize winners from previous meetings provided both cutting edge new knowledge and integrated overviews of critical aspects of the field. The presentations and manuscripts also include those provided by the special opportunity provided by having part of the ISOTT meeting overlap with the EPR-2013 meeting where both focused on preclinical and clinical measurements of oxygen, with a particular emphasis on cancer.Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVIII
Par Duane F. Bruley, David K. Harrison, Qingming Luo, Lin Z. Li, Hua Shi. 2016
This book contains the refereed contributions from the 43rd annual meeting of ISOTT. The annual meetings of ISOTT bring together…
scientists from various fields (medicine, physiology, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, etc. ) in a unique international forum. ISOTT conferences are a place where an atmosphere of interaction is created, where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level. This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue. The proceedings include sessions covered various research topics including Multi-Modal Imaging/Spectroscopy & Instrumentation; Cancer Metabolism; Cellular Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Function; Brain Oxygenation and Function; Other Organ Function and Metabolism; Oxygen Transport in Sports, Diseases and Clinical Care; Acupuncture, Meridians, and Primo Vascular System; EPR, MRS and MRI.Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVIII
Par Duane Bruley, Qingming Luo, Lin Li, Hua Shi. 2016
This book contains the refereed contributions from the 43rd annual meeting of ISOTT The annual meetings of ISOTT…
bring together scientists from various fields medicine physiology mathematics biology chemistry physics engineering etc in a unique international forum ISOTT conferences are a place where an atmosphere of interaction is created where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue The proceedings include sessions covered various research topics including Multi-Modal Imaging Spectroscopy Instrumentation Cancer Metabolism Cellular Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Function Brain Oxygenation and Function Other Organ Function and Metabolism Oxygen Transport in Sports Diseases and Clinical Care Acupuncture Meridians and Primo Vascular System EPR MRS and MRIOxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVII
Par David K. Harrison, Clare E. Elwell, Terence S. Leung. 2016
This book contains the refereed contributions from the 42nd annual meeting of ISOTT. The annual meetings of ISOTT bring together…
scientists from various fields (medicine, physiology, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, etc. ) in a unique international forum. ISOTT conferences are a place where an atmosphere of interaction is created, where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level. This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue. The papers in this volume summarize some of the outstanding contributions from the 42nd annual meeting, which included sessions on: cellular hypoxia and mitochondria; blood substitutes and oxygen therapeutics; oxygen transport in critical care medicine and disease; muscle oxygenation; multi modal imaging techniques; brain oxygenation and imaging; optical techniques for oxygen measurement; microcirculation; mathematical modelling of oxygen transport; and cancer metabolism.Oxygen and the Evolution of Life
Par Heinz Decker, Kensal E Holde. 2010
This book describes the interlaced histories of life and oxygen. It opens with the generation of oxygen in ancient stars…
and its distribution to newly formed planets like the Earth. Free O2 was not available on the early Earth, so the first life forms had to be anaerobic. Life introduced free O2 into the environment through the evolution of photosynthesis, which must have been a disaster for many anaerobes. Others found ways to deal with the toxic reactive oxygen species and even developed a much more efficient oxygen-based metabolism. The authors vividly describe how the introduction of O2 allowed the burst of evolution that created today's biota. They also discuss the interplay of O2 and CO2, with consequences such as worldwide glaciations and global warming. On the physiological level, they present an overview of oxidative metabolism and O2 transport, and the importance of O2 in human life and medicine, emphasizing that while oxygen is essential, it is also related to aging and many disease states.Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling
Par Luis A. del Río, Alain Puppo. 2009
Until recent years the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was generally considered to be a harmful process and a…
generator of oxidative stress. But more recently this concept has been re-evaluated and the term "oxidative signaling" was coined (Foyer and Noctor, 2005). This means that ROS generation is also an important component of the signaling network of plants. Results obtained during the last decade have highlighted that ROS are key regulators of plant metabolism, morphology and development which are also used by plants to respond to environmental challenges. The role of ROS as signals for gene expression has been established, and ROS also modulate the activity of key signaling compounds such as MAP kinases. The volume of research into the roles of ROS in plants is currently growing and the purpose of this book is to present recent advances in this field.Chemistry and Biochemistry of Oxygen Therapeutics
Par Stefano Bettati, Andrea Mozzarelli. 2011
Human blood performs many important functions including defence against disease and transport of biomolecules, but perhaps the most important is…
to carry oxygen - the fundamental biochemical fuel - and other blood gases around the cardiovascular system. Traditional therapies for the impairment of this function, or the rapid replacement of lost blood, have centred around blood transfusions. However scientists are developing chemicals (oxygen therapeutics, or "blood substitutes") which have the same oxygen-carrying capability as blood and can be used as replacements for blood transfusion or to treat diseases where oxygen transport is impaired.Chemistry and Biochemistry of Oxygen Therapeutics: From Transfusion to Artificial Blood links the underlying biochemical principles of the field with chemical and biotechnological innovations and pre-clinical development.The first part of the book deals with the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and toxicity of oxygen, including chapters on hemoglobin reactivity and regulation; the major cellular and physiological control mechanisms of blood flow and oxygen delivery; hemoglobin and myoglobin; nitric oxide and oxygen; and the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in ischemia/reperfusion Injury.The book then discusses medical needs for oxygen supply, including acute traumatic hemorrhage and anemia; diagnosis and treatment of haemorrhages in "non-surgical" patients; management of perioperative bleeding; oxygenation in the preterm neonate; ischemianormobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for ischemic stroke and other neurological conditions; and transfusion therapy in β thalassemia and sickle cell diseaseFinally "old"and new strategies for oxygen supply are described. These include the political, administrative and logistic issues surrounding transfusion; conscientious objection in patient blood management; causes and consequences of red cell incompatibility; biochemistry of red blood cell storage; proteomic investigations on stored red blood cells; red blood cells from stem cells; the universal red blood cell; allosteric effectors of hemoglobin; hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers; oxygen delivery by natural and artificial oxygen carriers; cross-linked and polymerized hemoglobins as potential blood substitutes; design of novel pegylated hemoglobins as oxygen carrying plasma expanders; hb octamers by introduction of surface cysteines; hemoglobin-vesicles as a cellular type hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier; animal models and oxidative biomarkers to evaluate pre-clinical safety of extracellular hemoglobins; and academia - industry collaboration in blood substitute development.Chemistry and Biochemistry of Oxygen Therapeutics: From Transfusion to Artificial Blood is an essential reference for clinicians, haematologists, medicinal chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists, biotechnologists and blood substitute researchers.The Electronic Transitions of Molecular Oxygen
Par Mikkel Bregnh j. 2019
This book presents the fundamentals and the state of the art of the photophysics of molecular oxygen. The author examines…
optical transitions between the lowest-lying electronic states in molecular oxygen and how these transitions respond to perturbation, either from an organic molecule or from the plasmon field of a metal nanoparticle. We live on a planet filled with light and oxygen. The interaction between these two components forms the basis of excited state chemistry spanning the fields of synthetic organic chemistry, materials chemistry, molecular biology, and photodynamic treatment of cancer. Still, the fundamental ways in which oxygen is affected by light is an active subject of research and is continually being developed and rationalized. In this book, readers will learn that singlet oxygen, the excited state of oxygen that exhibits unique chemical reactivity, can be selectively made via direct optical excitation of oxygen in a sensitizer-free system. Readers will also discover that this approach can perturb living cells differently depending on the singlet oxygen “dose”.Handbook Methods For Oxygen Radical Research
Par Robert A. Greenwald. 1985
This volume is divided into five sections. Section I deals with preparative methodology for isolation and purification of the components…
of the oxy radical experimental systems use most frequently, including all three forms of SOD and several other important scavengers. Section II provides the experimenter with a choice of a dozen oxy radical generating systems which can be used for testing of scavengers or for evaluation of the effects of oxy radicals on target tissues. The reader will note that in this section, as well as in most of the rest of the volume, the orientation is primarily biochemical, biologic, and medical, rather than pure chemistry or pure physics. Nevertheless, the techniques are widely applicable to a variety of disciplines.Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction: Fundamental and Applications
Par Pei Kang Shen. 2021
This book discusses systematically the theoretical research and the applications of electrochemical oxygen reduction. Oxygen reduction reaction is a common…
issue in electrochemistry, but is also an important process involved in the field of energy, cryogenic fuel cells, metal–air cells, oxygen sensors and hydrogen peroxide preparation. This book is divided into 6 chapters; it starts with a description of dynamic mechanisms, followed by a detailed introduction on the related experimental methods and related catalyst preparation technology. By providing the basic methods and testing techniques, and by demonstrating their applications, it helps readers gain a better understanding of oxygen reduction reactions, making it a valuable resource for the industrialization of scientific research achievements. Accordingly, the book appeals to a broad readership, particularly graduate students, those working at universities and research organizations, and industrial researchers.Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World
Par Nick Lane. 2003
Nick Lane shows how oxygen underpins the origin of biological complexity, the birth of photosynthesis, the evolution of animals, the…
need for two sexes, the aging of cloned animals like Dolly the sheep, and the surprisingly long lives of birds.Reactive Oxygen Species: Prospects in Plant Metabolism
Par Mohammad Faizan, Shamsul Hayat, S. Maqbool Ahmed. 2023
This edited book focuses on ROS synthesis, potential applications, toxicity, and preservations. It explores the recently proposed hormonal response and…
biomolecules targeted in regulation of ROS. Chapters cover resistance and susceptibility to plant pathogen, strategies involving phytoprotectants, and life span of nematode affected by ROS. This book includes a compilation of recently written, integrated, and illustrated reviews describing latest information on ROS. Chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects of plant ROS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules involved in the redox equilibrium and biological processes. In plants, ROS play an important role in biotic and abiotic stress sensing, integration of diverse environmental signals, and commencement of stress-response networks, thus contributing to the establishment of defense mechanisms and plant resilience. Critical amount of ROS is required by plants for regular operation of vital physiological mechanisms. This book brings together a compilation of latest research work on reactive oxygen species and their emerging importance. The book is a useful read for students, researchers, and scientists in the field of agri-life sciences.Oxygen Responses, Reactivities, and Measurements in Biosystems
Par S. N. Mukhopadhyay, Dipak K. Das. 1994
Oxygen Responses, Reactivities, and Measurements in Biosystems meets the pressing needs of the twentieth-century biotechnological and bioengineering sciences in covering…
oxic reactions and oxygen transport phenomena in a single book. This book is intended for teaching senior or graduate level courses and as a self-study text for practicing biochemical and chemical engineers, biotechnologists, applied and industrial microbiologists, cell biologists, scientists involved in oxygen-free radical research, and others in related fields. The text includes thought-provoking numerical problems and short questions, conventional biochemical engineering approaches and related concepts with mathematical formulations and analysis, concepts of cell biology, basic microbiology and applied biochemistry in oxy radical research, practical approaches for the development of laboratory experiments and industrial design, and an introduction of oxygen-free radical chemistry to biotechnology and bioengineering.Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: The Right Balance
Par Mohammad Israil Ansari, Shamim Akhtar Ansari, Swati Sachdev. 2023
The book deals with dual role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is beneficial and harmful at below and above…
threshold limits, respectively. To date, the emphasis has been laid only on ROS aspects damaging/ disrupting cellular machinery and inflicting crop productivity loss. The ROS is believed to be a hallmark of both abiotic and biotic stress. However, the recent researches have unambiguously established that the ROS at below threshold confers protection against both abiotic and biotic stress, augmenting crop productivity. This emphasizes for a proper understanding of ROS based physio-molecular mechanisms and their upgradation in crops to adapt them to stress conditions. As a result, the cultivation area of various economically important crops and their productivity and quality can be enhanced, arresting degradation of sites, improving environment quality and mitigating ill impact of climate change. The book encompasses recent information on positive and negative impact of ROS on stress tolerance mechanisms and their management in augmenting crop performance. The information has been well illustrated and categorized in several chapters crafted lucidly, maintaining connectivity and synergy with each other. The book provides up-to-date comprehensive scientific information dual role of ROS, hitherto neglected, in crop abiotic and biotic stress management that would immensely benefit and educate graduate/ post graduate students, entrepreneurs, researchers, scientists and faculty members alike.Reactive Oxygen Species in Biology and Human Health
Par Shamim I. Ahmad. 2016
Unlike other narrowly focused books, Reactive Oxygen Species in Biology and Human Health provides a comprehensive overview of ROS. It…
covers the current status of research and provides pointers to future research goals. Additionally, it authoritatively reviews the impact of reactive oxygen species with respect to various human diseases and discusses antioxidants and other compounds that counteract oxidative stress. Comprised of seven sections, the first section describes the introduction, detection, and production of ROS, emphasizing phenolic compounds and vitamin E for their abilities to act as antioxidants. This section also highlights the role of lipoprotein-associated oxidative stress. Section two addresses the importance of iron accumulation in the brain resulting in the development of a group of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and identifies several causative genes for neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) associated with Parkinsonism-related disorders. The third section discusses a number of NDs, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Section four addresses autoimmune diseases caused by ROS, including asthma, autoimmune liver diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and systemic lupus. Section five analyzes a number of different cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma, along with possible treatment regimens. Section six discusses cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) induced by ROS, presents the ROS-associated complex biochemical processes inducing inflammation as an important cause of CVDs, and explains the roles carotenoids play in preventing CVDs. The final section addresses other human diseases induced by oxidative stress, including sickle cell disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, retinopathy, fibromyalgia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, infertility, and aging of human skin.The Future of Atmospheric Oxygen (SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science)
Par V. N. Livina, T. M. Vaz Martins. 2020
This book investigates various aspects of the phenomenon of atmospheric oxygen depletion, and summarizes our current knowledge of atmospheric oxygen.…
The authors address the currently available records indicating that atmospheric oxygen is undergoing nonlinear decline. The consensus in the research community is that the main reason for this decline is the combustion of fossil fuels (which is growing nonlinearly). However, the short length of the currently available records, alongside the technological and social uncertainties that may risk speed up oxygen depletion, raise questions about the time scale of the decline, in particular, when oxygen depletion may cause physiological impact on humans and animals. The authors analyze this uncertainty to postulate the near term impact of depleted atmospheric oxygen, and perform multidisciplinary complex modelling of oxygen with long-term horizon estimations.Reactive Oxygen Species: Signaling Between Hierarchical Levels In Plants
Par Suleyman I Allakhverdiev, Franz-Josef Schmitt. 2017
Photosynthesis and the complex network within plants is becoming more important than ever, because of the earth’s changing climate. In…
addition, the concepts can be used in other areas, and the science itself is useful in practical applications in many branches of science, including medicine, biology, biophysics, and chemistry. This original, groundbreaking work by two highly experienced and well-known scientists introduces a new and different approach to thinking about living organisms, what we can learn from them, and how we can use the concepts within their scientific makeup in practice. This book describes the principles of complex signaling networks enabling spatiotemporally-directed macroscopic processes by the coupling of systems leading to a bottom-up information transfer in photosynthetic organisms. Top-down messengers triggered by macroscopic actuators like sunlight, gravity, environment or stress lead to an activation of the gene regulation on the molecular level. Mainly the generation and monitoring, as well the role of reactive oxygen species in photosynthetic organisms as typical messengers in complex networks, are described. A theoretical approach according to the principle of synergetics is presented to model light absorption, electron transfer and membrane dynamics in plants. A special focus will be attended to nonlinear processes that form the basic principle for the accumulation of energy reservoirs and large forces enabling the dynamics of macroscopic devices. This volume is a must-have for any scientist, student, or engineer working with photosynthesis. The concepts herein are not available anywhere else, in any other format, and it is truly a groundbreaking work with sure to be long-lasting effects on the scientific community.