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French aeronautics shone brightly in the first decade of the twentieth Century, but declined after the Great War. To remedy…
this situation, a new Ministry of Air launched in 1929 a large national program of scientific research in fluid mechanics, including the creation of four institutes and five teaching centers in the faculties of sciences in Paris and the provinces. This visionary policy, supported by considerable means, started a quite creative period and led to important achievements notably in the fields of atmospheric turbulence, thermoconvection and wake vortices. The usual picture of a period exclusively dominated by German and British contributions (and growing North-American ones), comes out significantly revised. The fruits of this policy will allow France to play a major role in the creation, after World War II, of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and are still visible today in the French teaching and research organization. Based on original materials unearthed from a variety of archival sources and scientific papers, the present book recounts this history in all its intertwined scientific, industrial, political and cultural dimensions.Peer-review recommendation: “The text is tremendously well written, and it remains clear and accessible even in its most scientifically advanced dimensions. The author is thus able to address both connoisseurs of the field, who will enjoy reading - and discovering not only scientific but also literary elements and references - and neophytes who are never left by the wayside as the chapters progress. An exceptional and original iconography usefully completes this picture, without overloading it.”L'aéronautique française, qui a tant brillé au début du XXe siècle, décline nettement après la Grande Guerre. Afin de redresser la situation, un nouveau ministère de l'Air lance alors, en 1929, un ambitieux programme en faveur de la recherche en mécanique des fluides, incluant la création de quatre instituts et cinq centres d'enseignement dans les facultés des sciences de Paris et de province. Cette politique visionnaire, dotée de moyens considérables, initie une période très dynamique et créative, en particulier dans les domaines de la turbulence atmosphérique, de la thermoconvection et des tourbillons de sillage. L'image d'un demi-siècle exclusivement dominé par les contributions allemandes et anglaises (et ensuite américaines) s'en trouve notablement transformée. Les fruits de cette politique permettront à la France de jouer un rôle majeur dans la création, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, de l'Union internationale de mécanique théorique et appliquée, et demeurent visibles aujourd'hui encore dans les structures d'enseignement et de recherche. Fondé sur des documents originaux issus de nombreuses archives et publications, le présent livre raconte cette histoire dans ses différentes dimensions scientifique, industrielle, politique et culturelle.How to Study Physics Effectively and Sustainably: Tips and Tricks for First-Year Students (essentials)
Par Dimitrij Tschodu. 2022
The present essential contains a number of tips for the successful completion of physics studies. What makes it special is…
the inspiring style of the author, who studied physics himself and knows what he is talking about. Whether it's keeping lecture notes, working on exercise problems or effectively preparing for exams - this book motivates physics students even in difficult phases of their studies and encourages potential first-year students to dare to study natural sciences.This Springer essential is a translation of the original German 1st edition essentials, Wie man effektiv und nachhaltig Physik studiert by Dimitrij Tschodu, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2018. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.This book presents the derivation of the fluctuation theorems with divergent entropy production and their application to fundamental problems in…
statistical physics. It explores the two basic aspects of the fluctuation theorems: i) Applicability in extreme situations with divergent entropy production, concluding that the fluctuation theorems remain valid under the notion of absolute irreversibility, and ii) utility in the investigation of classical enigmas in the framework of statistical physics, i.e., Gibbs and Loschmidt paradoxes. The book offers readers an overview of the research in fundamental statistical physics. Firstly it briefly but skillfully reviews the modern development of fluctuation theorems to found the key theme of the book. Secondly it concisely discusses historical issues of statistical physics in chronological order, along with the key literature in the field. They help readers easily follow the key developments in the fundamental research of statistical physics.The intelligent sports analysis of a soccer ball (also known as football, football ball, or association football ball) requires accurately…
simulating its motion and finding the best design parameters. Employing classic mechanics, this book establishes a fundamental framework for the soccer ball multi-body dynamics modeling, virtual prototype simulation and optimization design. It presents 3D virtual prototypes to predict the soccer ball trajectory for soccer players and trainers. Five typical case studies have addressed in the kinematics and dynamics simulations of soccer ball projectile motion, free kick, and corner kick in the virtual environment. The research on multi-body dynamics models provides a useful method for engineers and scientists to investigate the spatial kinematics and dynamics performances of various balls, such as soccer ball, gulf ball, American football, etc. The book is significant to guide undergraduate and graduate students from multi-disciplines to study system dynamics and optimization design.Seismic Behaviour and Design of Irregular and Complex Civil Structures IV (Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering #50)
Par Mario De Stefano, Zbigniew Zembaty, Dietlinde Köber, Rita Bento. 2022
This volume contains papers of the 9th European Workshop on the Seismic Behaviour of Irregular and Complex Structures (9EWICS) held…
in Lisbon, Portugal, in 2020. This workshop, organized at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, continued the successful three-annual series of workshops started back in 1996. Its organization had the sponsorship of Working Group 8 (Seismic Behaviour of Irregular and Complex Structures) of the European Association of Earthquake Engineering.This international event provided a platform for discussion and exchange of ideas and unveiled new insights on the possibilities and challenges of irregular and complex structures under seismic actions. The topics addressed include criteria for regularity, seismic design of irregular structures, seismic assessment of irregular and complex structures, retrofit of irregular and complex structures, and soil-structure interaction for irregular and complex structures. Beyond an excellent number of interesting papers on these topics, this volume includes the papers of the two invited lectures – one devoted to irregularities in RC buildings, including perspectives in current seismic design codes, difficulties in their application and further research needs, and another one dedicated to the challenging and very up to date topic in the area of seismic response of masonry building aggregates in historical centers. This volume includes 26 contributions from authors of 11 countries, giving a complete and international view of the problem.The holds particular interest for all the community involved in the challenging task of seismic design, assessment and/or retrofit of irregular and complex structures.Generalized Dynamics of Soft-Matter Quasicrystals: Mathematical Models, Solutions and Applications (Springer Series in Materials Science #260)
Par Tian-You Fan, Wenge Yang, Hui Cheng, Xiao-Hong Sun. 2022
This book highlights the mathematical models and solutions of the generalized dynamics of soft-matter quasicrystals (SMQ) and introduces possible applications…
of the theory and methods. Based on the theory of quasiperiodic symmetry and symmetry breaking, the book treats the dynamics of individual quasicrystal systems by reducing them to nonlinear partial differential equations and then provides methods for solving the initial-boundary value problems in these equations. The solutions obtained demonstrate the distribution, deformation and motion of SMQ and determine the stress, velocity and displacement fields. The interactions between phonons, phasons and fluid phonons are discussed in some fundamental materials samples. The reader benefits from a detailed comparison of the mathematical solutions for both solid and soft-matter quasicrystals, gaining a deeper understanding of the universal properties of SMQ. The second edition covers the latest research progress on quasicrystals in topics such as thermodynamic stability, three-dimensional problems and solutions, rupture theory, and the photonic band-gap and its applications. These novel chapters make the book an even more useful and comprehensive reference guide for researchers in condensed matter physics, chemistry and materials sciences.Relativistische Quantenmechanik
Par Georg Wolschin. 2021
Dieses Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Physik, die bereits über Grundkenntnisse der Quantenmechanik verfügen und relativistische Wellengleichungen kennenlernen möchten.…
Im Hauptteil des Buchs behandelt der Autor die Klein-Gordon-Gleichung und die Dirac-Gleichung, wobei er deren Lösungen und ihre Bedeutung hervorhebt. Die Invarianzen der Dirac-Gleichung in Bezug auf Paritätstransformation, Ladungskonjugation und Zeitumkehr werden diskutiert, mit dem Klein’schen Paradoxon wird dem Leser eine interessante Anwendung näher gebracht und mit der Weyl-Gleichung ihr Spezialfall für masselose Fermionen dargestellt. Neben diesen Schwerpunkten werden die Entwicklungen thematisiert, die zur Aufstellung der relativistischen Wellengleichungen durch Schrödinger, Klein, Gordon und Dirac führten und somit auch auf den wissenschaftshistorisch interessanten Hintergrund verweisen. Ebenfalls erläutert ist die Verbindung zur Galilei-invarianten nicht-relativistischen Quantenmechanik. Zuletzt werden kurz die Grundzüge der Quantenelektrodynamik und Elemente der relativistischen Streutheorie erläutert.Anhand von Testaufgaben am Ende des Buchs wird der Leser dazu motiviert, den Stoff selbst beispielhaft nachzurechnen und das Gelernte zu festigen. Die Mehrzahl der Lösungen lassen sich im jeweiligen Kapitel finden.Die vorliegende zweite Auflage wurde vollständig durchgesehen, an vielen Stellen verbessert, ergänzt und überarbeitet. Ein neues Schlusskapitel über relativistische Schwerionenkollisionen wurde hinzugefügt.Micro Light Emitting Diode: Micro-LED Technology (Series in Display Science and Technology)
Par Jong-Hyun Ahn, Jae-Hyun Kim. 2021
This book focuses on basic fundamental and applied aspects of micro-LED, ranging from chip fabrication to transfer technology, panel integration,…
and various applications in fields ranging from optics to electronics to and biomedicine. The focus includes the most recent developments, including the uses in large large-area display, VR/AR display, and biomedical applications. The book is intended as a reference for advanced students and researchers with backgrounds in optoelectronics and display technology. Micro-LEDs are thin, light-emitting diodes, which have attracted considerable research interest in the last few years. They exhibit a set of exceptional properties and unique optical, electrical, and mechanical behaviors of fundamental interest, with the capability to support a range of important exciting applications that cannot be easily addressed with other technologies. The content is divided into two parts to make the book approachable to readers of various backgrounds and interests. The first provides a detailed description with fundamental materials and production approaches and assembly/manufacturing strategies designed to target readers who seek an understanding ofof essential materials and production approaches and assembly/manufacturing strategies designed to target readers who want to understand the foundational aspects. The second provides detailed, comprehensive coverage of the wide range of device applications that have been achieved. This second part targets readers who seek a detailed account of the various applications that are enabled by micro-LEDs.Proceedings of the 2020 Conference of The Computational Social Science Society of the Americas (Springer Proceedings in Complexity)
Par Zining Yang, Elizabeth Von Briesen. 2021
This book is comprised of the latest research into CSS methods, uses, and results, as presented at the 2020 annual…
conference of the Computational Social Science Society of the Americas (CSSSA). Computational social science (CSS) is the science that investigates social and behavioral dynamics through social simulation, social network analysis, and social media analysis. The CSSSA is a professional society that aims to advance the field of computational social science in all areas, including basic and applied orientations, by holding conferences and workshops, promoting standards of scientific excellence in research and teaching, and publishing research findings and results. The above-mentioned conference was held virtually, October 8 – 11, 2020. What follows is a diverse representation of new results and approaches to using the tools of CSS and agent-based modeling (ABM) in exploring complex phenomena across many different domains. Readers will therefore not only have the results of these specific projects upon which to build, along with a wealth of case-study examples that can serve as meaningful exemplars for new research projects and activities, they will also gain a greater appreciation for the broad scope of CSS.Cosmic Ray Diffusion in the Galaxy and Diffuse Gamma Emission (Springer Theses)
Par Daniele Gaggero. 2011
The original work presented in this thesis constitutes an important contribution to modern Cosmic Ray (CR) physics, and comes during…
one of the most exciting periods of this field. The first part introduces a new numerical code (DRAGON) to model the CR propagation in our Galaxy. The code is then used to perform a combined analysis of CR data, making it possible to determine their propagation properties with unprecedented accuracy. The second part is dedicated to a theoretical interpretation of the recent crucial experimental results on cosmic electron and positron spectra (PAMELA, Fermi-LAT experiments). Using the tools developed in the first part of the thesis, the author convincingly argues for the existence of a new spectral component, which could arise either from local astrophysical sources, such as pulsars, or from Dark Matter annihilation or decay. This thesis is a highly advanced work; the methods, analysis and results are clearly and carefully presented. This work is set to become an important reference document for any future work in this area.This book presents the cold side of the Universe illustrated by the rest-frame, far-infrared emission with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array…
(ALMA). The author constructed the largest-ever ALMA sample and dataset, which enables them to identify very faint, rest-frame, far-infrared dust continuums as well as the carbon fine-structure line emission from distant galaxies that have been missed in previous surveys. The observational findings described in this book reveal for the first time where and how much of the star formation, traced by the rest-frame far-infrared emission, is ongoing, from inter-stellar and circum-galactic media to cosmic structures. Moreover, since some of the findings are unexpected and as such challenge the current galaxy formation models, the book provides exciting questions that should be addressed in the next decades.A Search for Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays with ANITA-2 (Springer Theses)
Par Matthew Mottram. 2011
The winner of UCL s annual HEP thesis prize this work describes an analysis of the data from the…
second flight of the Antarctica Impulsive Transient Antenna ANITA ANITA is a balloon-borne experiment that searches for radio signals originating from ultra-high energy neutrinos and cosmic rays interacting with the Antarctic ice or air The search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin is one of the outstanding experimental challenges of the 21st century The ANITA experiment was designed to be the most sensitive instrument to ultra-high energy neutrinos that originate from the interactions of cosmic rays with the cosmic microwave background The methodology and results of the neutrino and cosmic ray searches are presented in the thesisA Brief History of Colour Theory: Foundations of Colour Science
Par George Pavlidis. 2021
This book offers a comprehensive introduction in to the various theories of colour and how they developed over the centuries…
and millennia. As colour is the perception of light by our brains, the book captures not only the physical phenomena but also psychological and philosophical aspects of colours. It starts with ancient studies of Greek philosophers and their insights into light and mirrors, then reviews the theory of colors in the middle ages in Europe and Middle East. The last big part of the book explains the theories of colours by modern scientists and philosophers, starting with Isaac Newton and ending colour schemes of modern digital pictures.Foundations of Optical System Analysis and Design
Par Lakshminarayan Hazra. 2022
Since the incorporation of scientific approach in tackling problems of optical instrumentation, analysis and design of optical systems constitute a…
core area of optical engineering. A large number of software with varying level of scope and applicability is currently available to facilitate the task. However, possession of an optical design software, per se, is no guarantee for arriving at correct or optimal solutions. The validity and/or optimality of the solutions depend to a large extent on proper formulation of the problem, which calls for correct application of principles and theories of optical engineering. On a different note, development of proper experimental setups for investigations in the burgeoning field of optics and photonics calls for a good understanding of these principles and theories. With this backdrop in view, this book presents a holistic treatment of topics like paraxial analysis, aberration theory, Hamiltonian optics, ray-optical and wave-optical theories of image formation, Fourier optics, structural design, lens design optimization, global optimization etc. Proper stress is given on exposition of the foundations. The proposed book is designed to provide adequate material for ‘self-learning’ the subject. For practitioners in related fields, this book is a handy reference. Foundations of Optical System Analysis and Synthesis provides A holistic approach to lens system analysis and design with stress on foundations Basic knowledge of ray and wave optics for tackling problems of instrumental optics Proper explanation of approximations made at different stages Sufficient illustrations for facilitation of understanding Techniques for reducing the role of heuristics and empiricism in optical/lens design A sourcebook on chronological development of related topics across the globe This book is composed as a reference book for graduate students, researchers, faculty, scientists and technologists in R & D centres and industry, in pursuance of their understanding of related topics and concepts during problem solving in the broad areas of optical, electro-optical and photonic system analysis and design.Hybrid Quantum Systems (Quantum Science and Technology)
Par Yoshiro Hirayama, Koji Ishibashi, Kae Nemoto. 2021
This book presents state-of-the-art research on quantum hybridization, manipulation, and measurement in the context of hybrid quantum systems. It covers…
a broad range of experimental and theoretical topics relevant to quantum hybridization, manipulation, and measurement technologies, including a magnetic field sensor based on spin qubits in diamond NV centers, coherently coupled superconductor qubits, novel coherent couplings between electron and nuclear spin, photons and phonons, and coherent coupling of atoms and photons. Each topic is concisely described by an expert at the forefront of the field, helping readers quickly catch up on the latest advances in fundamental sciences and technologies of hybrid quantum systems, while also providing an essential overview.The Solar System 2: External Satellites, Small Bodies, Cosmochemistry, Dynamics, Exobiology
Par James Lequeux, Thérèse Encrenaz. 2021
This book presents a global and synthetic vision of planetology – the study of objects in the Solar System. In…
the past several decades, planetology has undergone a real revolution, marked in particular by the discovery of the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune, the discovery of extrasolar planets, and also by the space exploration of ever more distant objects. Today, it is at the crossroads of many disciplines: astronomy, geophysics, geochemistry and biology.The Solar System 2 studies the outer Solar System: satellites and rings of giant planets, small bodies and dwarf planets. It also deals with meteorites and cosmochemistry, as well as the formation and dynamics of the Solar System. It addresses the question of the origin of life and extraterrestrial life, and presents all of the methods in the study of planetology.Supernova (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)
Par Or Graur. 2022
A concise illustrated introduction to the history and physics of supernovae, the brilliant explosions of stars; with striking color illustrations. Supernovae…
are the explosions of stars. They are some of the most energetic phenomena in the Universe, rivaling the combined light of billions of stars. Supernovae have been studied for centuries, and they have also made appearances in popular culture: a glimpse of a supernova in a painting provides Sherlock Holmes with a crucial clue, for example. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, astrophysicist Or Graur offers a concise and accessible introduction to these awe-inspiring astronomical phenomena. Graur explains that a deep observational understanding of supernovae—why and how they shine and how their brightness changes over time—allows us to use them as tools for experiments in astrophysics and physics. A certain type of supernova, for example, brightens and fades in such a predictable manner that we can measure the distances to their host galaxies. We owe our existence to supernovae—they give us iron for our blood and calcium for our bones. But supernovae may also have caused a mass extinction event on Earth 2.6 million years ago. Graur shows how observations of supernovae played a role in the transformation of astronomy from astrology to astrophysics; surveys the tools used to study supernovae today; and describes the lives and deaths of stars and the supernova remnants, neutron stars, and black holes they leave behind. Illustrations in both color and black and white, many from Graur&’s own Hubble Space Telescope data, make this account of supernovae particularly vivid.Paleontology: An Illustrated History
Par David Bainbridge. 2022
An illustrated look at the art and science of paleontology from its origins to todayHumans have been stumbling upon the…
petrified remains of ancient animals since prehistoric times, leading to tales of giant dogs, deadly dragons, tree gods, sea serpents, and all manner of strange and marvelous creatures. In this richly illustrated book, David Bainbridge recounts how legends like these gradually gave rise to the modern science of paleontology, and how this pioneering discipline has reshaped our view of the natural world.Bainbridge takes readers from ancient Greece to the eighteenth century, when paleontology began to coalesce into the scientific field we know today, and discusses how contemporary paleontologists use cutting-edge technologies to flesh out the discoveries of past and present. He brings to life the stories and people behind some of the greatest fossil finds of all time, and explains how paleontology has long straddled the spheres of science and art. Bainbridge also looks to the future of the discipline, discussing how the rapid recovery of DNA and other genetic material from the fossil record promises to revolutionize our understanding of the origins and evolution of ancient life.This panoramic book brings together stunning illustrations ranging from early sketches and engravings to eye-popping paleoart and high-tech computer reconstructions.Does technology change who we are, and if so, in what ways? Can humanity transcend physical bodies and spaces? Will…
AI and genetic engineering help us reach new heights or will they unleash dystopias? How do we face mortality, our own and that of our warming planet? Questions like these—which are only growing more urgent—can be answered only by drawing on different kinds of knowledge and ways of knowing. They challenge us to bridge the divide between the sciences and the humanities and bring together perspectives that are too often kept apart.Great Minds Don’t Think Alike presents conversations among leading scientists, philosophers, historians, and public intellectuals that exemplify openness to diverse viewpoints and the productive exchange of ideas. Pulitzer and Templeton Prize winners, MacArthur “genius” grant awardees, and other acclaimed writers and thinkers debate the big questions: who we are, the nature of reality, science and religion, consciousness and materialism, and the mysteries of time. In so doing, they also inquire into how uniting experts from different areas of study to consider these topics might help us address the existential risks we face today. Convened and moderated by the physicist and author Marcelo Gleiser, these public dialogues model constructive engagement between the sciences and the humanities—and show why intellectual cooperation is necessary to shape our collective future.Contributors include David Chalmers and Antonio Damasio; Sean Carroll and B. Alan Wallace; Patricia Churchland and Jill Tarter; Rebecca Goldstein and Alan Lightman; Jimena Canales and Paul Davies; Ed Boyden and Mark O’Connell; Elizabeth Kolbert and Siddhartha Mukherjee; Jeremy DeSilva, David Grinspoon, and Tasneem Zehra Husain.This Way to the Universe: A Theoretical Physicist's Journey to the Edge of Reality
Par Michael Dine. 2022
For readers of Sean Carroll, Brian Greene, Katie Mack, and anyone who wants to know what theoretical physicists actually do.This…
Way to the Universe is a celebration of the astounding, ongoing scientific investigations that have revealed the nature of reality at its smallest, at its largest, and at the scale of our daily lives. The enigmas that Professor Michael Dine discusses are like landmarks on a fantastic journey to the edge of the universe. Asked where to find out about the Big Bang, Dark Matter, the Higgs boson particle—the long cutting edge of physics right now—Dine had no single book he could recommend. This is his accessible, authoritative, and up-to-date answer. Comprehensible to anyone with a high-school level education, with almost no equations, there is no better author to take you on this amazing odyssey.Dine is widely recognized as having made profound contributions to our understanding of matter, time, the Big Bang, and even what might have come before it. This Way to the Universe touches on many emotional, critical points in his extraordinary carreer while presenting mind-bending physics like his answer to the Dark Matter and Dark Energy mysteries as well as the ideas that explain why our universe consists of something rather than nothing. People assume String Theory can never be tested, but Dine intrepidly explores exactly how the theory might be tested experimentally, as well as the pitfalls of falling in love with math. This book reflects a lifetime pursuing the deepest mysteries of reality, by one of the most humble and warmly engaging voices you will ever read.