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Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User's Guide for Paleontologists (Elements of Paleontology)
Par David F. Wright, Laura C. Soul. 2021
Recent advances in statistical approaches called Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a powerful set of analytical tools…
for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical challenges or unfamiliar literature. This Element presents guides to the theory behind, and the application of, PCMs with fossil taxa. Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, it presents example analyses to illustrate common applications of PCMs to fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait evolution and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. It then emphasizes the importance of accounting for sources of uncertainty and discusses how to evaluate model fit and adequacy. Finally, this Element discusses several promising methods for modelling heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies. Integrating phylogeny-based approaches with the fossil record provides a rigorous, quantitative perspective to understanding key patterns in the history of life.Expanded Sampling Across Ontogeny in Deltasuchus motherali: Revealing Ecomorphological Niche Partitioning and Appalachian Endemism in Cenomanian Crocodyliforms (Elements of Paleontology)
Par Stephanie K. Drumheller, Thomas L. Adams, Hannah Maddox, Christopher R. Noto. 2021
New material attributable to Deltasuchus motherali, a neosuchian from the Cenomanian of Texas, provides sampling across much of the ontogeny…
of this species. Detailed descriptions provide both information about the paleobiology of this species, particularly with regards to how growth and development affected diet. Overall snout shape became progressively wider and more robust with age, suggesting that dietary shifts from juvenile to adult were not only a matter of size change, but functional performance as well. These newly described elements provide additional characters upon which to base more robust phylogenetic analyses. The authors provide a revised diagnosis of this species, describing the new material and discussing incidents of apparent ontogenetic variation across the sampled population. The results of the ensuing phylogenetic analyses both situate Deltasuchus within an endemic clade of Appalachian crocodyliforms, separate and diagnosable from goniopholidids and pholidosaurs, herein referred to as Paluxysuchidae.The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism: Identification and Macroevolution of Parasites (Topics in Geobiology #49)
Par Kenneth De Baets, John Warren Huntley. 2021
This two-volume edited book highlights and reviews the potential of the fossil record to calibrate the origin and evolution of…
parasitism, and the techniques to understand the development of parasite-host associations and their relationships with environmental and ecological changes. The book deploys a broad and comprehensive approach, aimed at understanding the origins and developments of various parasite groups, in order to provide a wider evolutionary picture of parasitism as part of biodiversity. This is in contrast to most contributions by parasitologists in the literature that focus on circular lines of evidence, such as extrapolating from current host associations or distributions, to estimate constraints on the timing of the origin and evolution of various parasite groups. This approach is narrow and fails to provide the wider evolutionary picture of parasitism on, and as part of, biodiversity. Volume one focuses on identifying parasitism in the fossil record, and sheds light on the distribution and ecological importance of parasite-host interactions over time. In order to better understand the evolutionary history of parasites and their relationship with changes in the environment, emphasis is given to viruses, bacteria, protists and multicellular eukaryotes as parasites. Particular attention is given to fungi and metazoans such as bivalves, cnidarians, crustaceans, gastropods, helminths, insects, mites and ticks as parasites. Researchers, specifically evolutionary (paleo)biologists and parasitologists, interested in the evolutionary history of parasite-host interactions as well as students studying parasitism will find this book appealing.Investigating Fossils: A History of Palaeontology
Par Wilson J. Wall. 2021
INVESTIGATING FOSSILS INVESTIGATING FOSSILSA HISTORY OF PALAEONTOLOGYInvestigating Fossils – A History of Palaeontology is a concise and accessible look at…
changing attitudes to palaeontology in general, and fossils in particular. From the existential and philosophical debates arising from fossils – such as their implications for the age of the Earth – to their role as markers in Darwin’s theory of evolution, fossils have been the centre of highly charged debate for over two centuries.This book, which is aimed at anyone with an interest in the history and philosophy of science, not only describes the process of fossil formation and the history of the discovery of fossils. It goes further, and highlights the continuing importance of fossils to our ever-developing understanding of where the planet and its myriad species have come from.Painting a vivid, lively portrait of the history and development of palaeontology, Investigating Fossils is a fascinating and informative tour of the recent history – and possible future – of the science of fossils.Dinosaurs (Early Reader Non Fiction)
Par David Long. 2015
Early Readers are stepping stones from picture books to reading books. A green Early Reader is a first factbook.It's never…
too early to find out about... DINOSAURS. Did you know that the biggest dinosaurs weighed more than 13 or 14 elephants put together? Or that the EORAPTOR is the oldest dinosaur we know about and could run faster than an Olympic runner?Discover a world of incredible prehistoric reptiles in this brand new non fiction Early Reader from David Long, with full colour illustrations from Nicola O'Byrne on every page.Lost Species
Par Jess French. 2019
Step into an incredible lost world and marvel at the strange and magnificent creatures that once roamed our Earth. From…
the awe-inspiring woolly mammoth and the ferocious Spinosaurus to the shy Chinese river dolphin and incredibly rare Pinta Island tortoise 'Lonesome George', meet 35 extinct species and discover how these creatures came under threat. Featuring additional information on 'Lazarus species' (animals declared extinct but which, amazingly, have been rediscovered in the wild), and mass extinction events, including the part we are playing in endangering our wildlife, the book shows young readers that extinction is not simply a part of ancient history - it is happening right now across the planet - but that if we all make some small changes to our lifestyles, our wonderful species can be saved. With beautiful and vibrant illustrations throughout, this stunning large format compendium is a reminder of the remarkable animals we have lost, as well as a celebration of those that have returned from the brink of extinction.Rocks (Science in a Flash #37)
Par Georgia Amson-Bradshaw. 2017
Help kids discover science - in a flash!Science really rocks! If you're feeling ignorant about igneous, or muddled about metamorphic…
rocks, read this book. You'll soon recognise a slate from a sandstone, and understand all about fossil formation.This essential KS2 series for children aged 7 and up covers all the key science topics in energetic, quick-fire way, aiding clear comprehension by getting straight to the point! Each spread starts with a 'flash' or headline, summing-up succinctly the science information to follow. Attractive and light-hearted illustration visually conveys the information, adding depth and detail to engage children. Also includes fun jokes and cartoons to keep even the most reluctant readers entertained.The Geology of Greece (Regional Geology Reviews)
Par Dimitrios I. Papanikolaou. 2021
This book introduces the reader to the unique geology of Greece. This country is a natural geology laboratory that can…
help us understand the present-day active geodynamic processes in the Hellenic orogenic arc, including earthquakes, volcanoes, coastline changes and other processes of uplift and subsidence, as well as the intense erosion, transport and deposition of sediments. Additionally, Greece offers a remarkable geological museum, reflecting the complex history of the area over the last 300 million years. By studying the rocks of Greece, one can discover old oceanic basins, e.g. in the Northern Pindos and Othrys mountains, crystalline rocks of Palaeozoic age, old granitic and volcanic rocks, as well as other sedimentary rocks including fossils from the shallow neritic facies to pelagic and abyssal facies. The younger sediments demonstrate the continuously changing palaeogeography of Greece, with areas of lakes, high plateaus and gulfs that are transformed into new forms of islands, peninsulas or high mountains, etc. All the above subjects are included in the book, which describes the tectonic structure of the geological strata, together with the evolutionary stages of the palaeogeography and geodynamics within the broader Mediterranean context. A special characteristic of the book is the development of the orogenic model of the Hellenides with the application of the tectono-stratigraphic terrane concept in the Tethyan system.Who Ate the First Oyster?: The Extraordinary People Behind the Greatest Firsts in History
Par Cody Cassidy. 2020
Who wore the first pants? Who painted the first masterpiece? Who first rode the horse? This madcap adventure across ancient…
history uses everything from modern genetics to archaeology to uncover the geniuses behind these and other world-changing innovations.In this book, writer Cody Cassidy digs deep into the latest research to uncover the untold stories of some of these incredible innovators (or participants in lucky accidents). With a sharp sense of humor and boundless enthusiasm for the wonders of our ancient ancestors, Who Ate the First Oyster? profiles the perpetrators of the greatest firsts and catastrophes of prehistory, using the lives of individuals to provide a glimpse into ancient cultures to show how and why these critical developments occurred, and educate us on a period of time that until recently we've known almost nothing about.What Ever Happened to the Wooly Mammoth: Life At the End of the Great Ice Age
Par Michael Oard, Beverly Oard, Bill Looney. 2007
How did the Ice Age end? How did men survive during the end of the Ice Age? Discover the science…
behind the Ice Age World? Where have mammoths been found? The questions of what happened at the end of the Ice Age and why the woolly mammoth disappeared have been asked by many. Unfortunately, the answers given are usually in line with an evolutionary world view. Author Michael Oard gives biblically and scientifically sound answers to these relevant questions for young readers in an exciting story of one boy and his family. Follow Tungus and his tribe as they travel to a better climate away from the dust storms at the end of the great Ice Age. Learn how people lived, the challenges they faced in daily life, and why the woolly mammoths disappeared while the Ice Age was ending.Dinosaurs Without Bones: Dinosaur Lives Revealed by Their Trace Fossils
Par Anthony J. Martin. 2014
"Bubbles over with the joy of scientific discovery as he shares his natural enthusiasm for the blend of sleuthing and…
imagination."—Publishers Weekly, starred reviewWhat if we woke up one morning all of the dinosaur bones in the world were gone? How would we know these iconic animals had a165-million year history on earth, and had adapted to all land-based environments from pole to pole? What clues would be left to discern not only their presence, but also to learn about their sex lives, raising of young, social lives, combat, and who ate who? What would it take for us to know how fast dinosaurs moved, whether they lived underground, climbed trees, or went for a swim?Welcome to the world of ichnology, the study of traces and trace fossils – such as tracks, trails, burrows, nests, toothmarks, and other vestiges of behavior – and how through these remarkable clues, we can explore and intuit the rich and complicated lives of dinosaurs. With a unique, detective-like approach, interpreting the forensic clues of these long-extinct animals that leave a much richer legacy than bones, Martin brings the wild world of the Mesozoic to life for the 21st century reader.Horrid Henry's Dinosaurs: A Horrid Factbook (Horrid Henry #1)
Par Francesca Simon. 2011
Packed with freaky facts and random trivia, this is the perfect guide to everything you ever wanted to know (and…
lots of things you might never have wanted to know) about Dinosaurs - Horrid Henry style!Pacific - Atlantic Mollusc Migration: Pliocene Inter-Ocean Gateway Archives on Tjörnes, North Iceland (Topics in Geobiology #52)
Par Leifur A. Símonarson, Jón Eiríksson. 2021
This volume sheds new light on the marine fauna and geological setting of the Tjörnes Sequence, North Iceland, which is…
a classic site for the Pliocene and Pleistocene stratigraphy of the North Atlantic region. Readers will discover descriptions of new data collected by the editors over a period of over three decades on marine faunal assemblages and sedimentology available for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, as well as the tectonic and stratigraphical relationships on Tjörnes Peninsula. The book includes a comprehensive account of all the collections of marine fossil invertebrate macrofossils and foraminifera known to the editors from the Tjörnes Sequence. It is expected to elucidate sedimentological and faunal changes from relatively stable Pliocene conditions to highly variable and periodically harsh climatic conditions of recurring Quaternary glaciations. The distribution, recent or fossil, of various species is recorded and pertinent ecological and biological features are also discussed. The Tjörnes Sequence records the Neogene migration of Pacific species into the North Atlantic. Researchers in geology, climate science, environmental science and earth science will find this book particularly valuable.Who Ate the First Oyster?: The Extraordinary People Behind the Greatest Firsts in History
Par Cody Cassidy. 2020
Who wore the first pants? Who painted the first masterpiece? Who first rode the horse? This madcap adventure across ancient…
history uses everything from modern genetics to archaeology to uncover the geniuses behind these and other world-changing innovations.In this book, writer Cody Cassidy digs deep into the latest research to uncover the untold stories of some of these incredible innovators (or participants in lucky accidents). With a sharp sense of humor and boundless enthusiasm for the wonders of our ancient ancestors, Who Ate the First Oyster? profiles the perpetrators of the greatest firsts and catastrophes of prehistory, using the lives of individuals to provide a glimpse into ancient cultures to show how and why these critical developments occurred, and educate us on a period of time that until recently we've known almost nothing about.Rocks: Rocks Science ... In A Flash: Rocks (Science in a Flash #37)
Par Georgia Amson-Bradshaw. 2018
Help kids discover science - in a flash!Science really rocks! If you're feeling ignorant about igneous, or muddled about metamorphic…
rocks, read this book. You'll soon recognise a slate from a sandstone, and understand all about fossil formation.This essential KS2 series for children aged 7 and up covers all the key science topics in energetic, quick-fire way, aiding clear comprehension by getting straight to the point! Each spread starts with a 'flash' or headline, summing-up succinctly the science information to follow. Attractive and light-hearted illustration visually conveys the information, adding depth and detail to engage children. Also includes fun jokes and cartoons to keep even the most reluctant readers entertained.Brick by Brick Dinosaurs: More Than 15 Awesome LEGO Brick Projects
Par Warren Elsmore. 2017
From a master LEGO builder comes seventeen easy-to-build dinosaur projects using nothing but LEGO bricks!What's better than dinosaurs or building…
with LEGO bricks? Building amazing dinosaur projects out of your LEGO bricks, of course! Brick by Brick Dinosaurs provides more than fifteen amazing projects to build with your LEGO bricks. Follow the easy step-by-step instructions to create favorites like the triceratops, stegosaurus, and brachiosaurus, as well as the super cool sarcosuchus, archaeopteryx, pteranodon, and more. Scattered throughout are fun and fascinating facts about dinosaurs and prehistoric times. This is a must-have book for anyone who loves dinosaurs or LEGO.Rhinos in Nebraska: The Amazing Discovery of the Ashfall Fossil Beds
Par Alison Pearce Stevens. 2021
Twelve million years ago, rhinos, elephants, and camels roamed North America. They would gather at nearby watering holes—eating, drinking, and…
trying not to become someone else’s lunch. But one day, in what we now know as Nebraska, everything changed. The explosion of a supervolcano a thousand miles away sent a blanket of ash that buried these animals for millennia.Until 1953, when a seventeen-year-old farm worker made an unbelievable discovery.Rhinos in Nebraska tells the story of the Ashfall Fossil Beds, where more than two hundred perfectly preserved fossils have been found. Step into the past with author Alison Pearce Stevens and uncover the mysteries of Ashfall.Testing Character Evolution Models in Phylogenetic Paleobiology: A case study with Cambrian echinoderms (Elements of Paleontology)
Par David F. Wright, Peter J. Wagner, April Wright. 2021
Macroevolutionary inference has historically been treated as a two-step process, involving the inference of a tree, and then inference of…
a macroevolutionary model using that tree. Newer models blend the two steps. These methods make more complete use of fossils than the previous generation of Bayesian phylogenetic models. They also involve many more parameters than prior models, including parameters about which empiricists may have little intuition. In this paper, we set forth a framework for fitting complex, hierarchical models. The authors ultimately fit and use a joint tree and diversification model to estimate a dated phylogeny of the Cincta (Echinodermata), a morphologically distinct group of Cambrian echinoderms that lack the five-fold radial symmetry characteristic of extant members of the phylum. Although the phylogeny of cinctans remains poorly supported in places, this Element shows how models of character change and diversification contribute to understanding patterns of phylogenetic relatedness and testing macroevolutionary hypotheses.Dinosaur Tracks from Brazil: A Lost World of Gondwana (Life of the Past)
Par Giuseppe Leonardi, Ismar de Souza Carvalho. 2021
Dinosaur Tracks from Brazil is the first full-length study of dinosaurs in Brazil. Some 500 dinosaur trackways from the Cretaceous…
period still remain in the Rio do Peixe basins of Brazil, making it one of the largest trackways in the world. Veteran paleontologists Giuseppe Leonardi and Ismar de Souza Carvalho painstakingly document and analyze each track found at 37 individual sites and at approximately 96 stratigraphic levels. Richly illustrated and containing a wealth of data, Leonardi and de Souza Carvalho brilliantly reconstruct the taxonomic groups of the dinosaurs from the area and show how they moved across the alluvial fans, meandering rivers, and shallow lakes of ancient Gondwana. Dinosaur Tracks from Brazil is essential reading for paleontologists.Preparing Dinosaurs: The Work behind the Scenes
Par Caitlin Donahue Wylie. 2021
An investigation of the work and workers in fossil preparation labs reveals the often unacknowledged creativity and problem-solving on which…
scientists rely.Those awe-inspiring dinosaur skeletons on display in museums do not spring fully assembled from the earth. Technicians known as preparators have painstakingly removed the fossils from rock, repaired broken bones, and reconstructed missing pieces to create them. These specimens are foundational evidence for paleontologists, and yet the work and workers in fossil preparation labs go largely unacknowledged in publications and specimen records. In this book, Caitlin Wylie investigates the skilled labor of fossil preparators and argues for a new model of science that includes all research work and workers.Drawing on ethnographic observations and interviews, Wylie shows that the everyday work of fossil preparation requires creativity, problem-solving, and craft. She finds that preparators privilege their own skills over technology and that scientists prefer to rely on these trusted technicians rather than new technologies. Wylie examines how fossil preparators decide what fossils, and therefore dinosaurs, look like; how labor relations between interdependent yet hierarchically unequal collaborators influence scientific practice; how some museums display preparators at work behind glass, as if they were another exhibit; and how these workers learn their skills without formal training or scientific credentials. The work of preparing specimens is a crucial component of scientific research, although it leaves few written traces. Wylie argues that the paleontology research community's social structure demonstrates how other sciences might incorporate non-scientists into research work, empowering and educating both scientists and nonscientists.